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Nikkei 225 is a stock market index that represents the top 225 blue-chip companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE). It was created in 1950 by the Japanese financial newspaper, Nihon Keizai Shimbun. The Nikkei 225 index captures a representative sample of the Japanese economy, covering sectors such as automobiles, electronics, banks, insurance, and construction, among others.

Initially, Nikkei 225 was designed to be a price-weighted index, which meant that the weight of each stock was determined by its price per share. However, in 2015, the index’s methodology was revised to be based on the market capitalization of the constituent firms, which better reflects the overall market value of the companies.

Nikkei 225 has been one of the best-known equity benchmarks in Asia for the past decade. It serves as a vital tool for investors to track the health and direction of Japan's economy. Many global investors use it as a gauge of the country's economic performance, making it an essential barometer of the Japanese financial market.

Since the early 2000s, Japan's economy has faced a series of significant challenges, including deflation, demographic issues, and natural disasters. As a result, the Nikkei 225 index underwent significant volatility fluctuations over the past few decades.

However, the Japanese government has made efforts to revive the economy, which has led to an uptick in Nikkei 225 index over recent years, reaching record highs in 2018.

In summary, the Nikkei 225 is an index that provides investors with insight into the performance of Japan's top companies, making it a fundamental tool for financial analysis. Its historical significance and current strength make it an essential benchmark for investors interested in the Japanese market.